The Quintessential Guide to Argumentative Essay Topics on Immigration

The Quintessential Guide to Argumentative Essay Topics on Immigration The above-mentioned topic selection may give you a crystal clear comprehension of what things to write about. It is extremely important to decide on a great topic so as to compose a fantastic paper. Anyway, below, it is possible to find topic that are great for both instances. You will probably locate a different and good topic you will love to write about. When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the most essential matter to do is to select a topic and an argument that you could really get behind. The topic has to be interesting, the topic has to be essential and finally the topic has to be informative. A superb topic will ensure it is simpler to pursue the purpose of an argumentative essay, which is, evidently, the entire investigation of the problem you speak about. Quite frequently, the very best topic is one which you truly care about, but you also will need to get ready to research it. What Does Argumentative Essay Topics on Immigration Mean? Immigration is employed in attracting skilled workers in the States. Job immigration is the primary problem, particularly in the underdeveloped and developing countries. Illegal immigration has been part of a massive problem throughout america of America. Illegal immigration has been an issue for the United States of america for a lengthy time. Writing an argumentative essay can occasionally be confusing as you don't necessarily understand how to compose a convincing argument. Your assigned writer will finish the revision at no cost and offer the improved version of the paper to you right away. The intent of assigning an essay to middle school students is to make awareness and permit them to develop writing skills. Not only that but they will be able to access their online courses and be able to follow the lecture through powerpoints. A Secret Weapon for Argumentative Essay Topics on Immigration To compose a great argumentative essay, there are four leading sections of the essay you're likely to have to know about. Lastly, you'll find somebody who will write essays for money at the most economical rates for you. If you are supposed to compose an argumentative essay, the very first thing you must do is to understand its principal features and structure. If you're new to writing argumentative essays, there are a number of essential factors w hich you can learn that may help you compose a far better argumentative essay. Inspiration to make your own advertising or media argumentative essay topics isn't difficult to discover. You may expect your paper to be written depending on your requirements. Since you may see, there's a multitude of different argumentative paper titles you are able to utilize. Popular themes for academic papers can be located on our site too. You ought to make sure you keep on that 1 side during your whole essay. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics as you need opposing points that you may counter to your own points. For instance, here is among the ideal place to purchase essays on the internet you can go to. To start with, an argumentative essay is a part of formal writing. You first have to decide on a good topic with an argument, credible information to back up your viewpoint, a good stance on your side, and a superb counter-argument that will help you sound less biased. The biggest issue is the simple fact that the U.S. is in the center of another terrific wave of immigration. The second one is merely to study a matter of immigration in its genesis as a way to be prepared to discuss and debate upon this issue. There are a few reasons which justify and condemn illegal immigration that I will endeavor to go over below. Around the world, immigration is a popular topic as countries suffer from war and financial disasters. He has always been an important but divisive aspect of social and political life in the United States, but in recent years, the debate about the perceived threats and benefits of immigration has intensified considerably. Many people are inclined to think that eradicating illegal immigration is impossible and that it cannot get the job done. An individual might argue that the immigrants are people after all and that they ought to not be discriminated against even should they come illegally into the nation. Therefore, immigration offers a chance to students who pursue new fields of study they cannot discover in their home country. Illegal Aliens mostly work jobs that most individuals do not wish to do. Illegal aliens based on the law are people that are undocumented and not originally from the country they are residing in. The Lost Secret of Argumentative Essay Topics on Immigration For instance, in college, you might be requested to compose a paper from the opposing perspective. If you should compose an argumentative essay on immigration, but don't have enough time or energy to do it by yourself, you have discovered the ideal spot. As an issue of fact, the content of your essay is dependent on what you're likely to write about. If you're struggling, you always have the option to acquire help by utilizing an essay writing service such as ours.

Analysis of The Clash of Civilizations by Samuel P....

Analysis of The Clash of Civilizations by Samuel P. Huntington The article â€Å"The Clash of Civilizations?† by Samuel P. Huntington is an intriguing view on how modern day civilizations have grown to become cultural and economic entities trying to make new identities for themselves. A civilization is defined as the broadest cultural grouping of people. It contains a group of people with common languages, history, religion, and customs. Huntington states in his hypothesis â€Å"the great division among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be culture.† Huntington sees the Western civilization, consisting of mainly the United States and most of Europe, as a dominate civilization. He expresses the opinion that due to the†¦show more content†¦Huntington’s regards to the reality of ethnic and religious identities is as follows, â€Å"civilization identity will be increasingly important in the future, and the world in large will be measured by the interactions among seven or eight major civilization s.† He follows up by elaborating on how these interactions become the turning point in civilization interaction. The interactions between civilizations have become increasingly relevant due to the increasing populations of the world. This in turn has caused an awakening in cultural awareness. Economic developments as well as social changes throughout the world also modify well defined identities. The most prevalent interactions among civilizations can be observed in the recent 9/11 attacks on the United States. Huntington closes his article by stating that â€Å"the West will increasingly have to accommodate these non-Western modern civilizations whose power approaches that of the West but whose values and interests differ significantly of those of the West.† In light of the present post 9/11 world, Huntington views of the Arab Islamic civilization have come into full view. Support for his thesis has become relevant and there has ultimately become a clash of civili zations. Reference Samuel P. Huntington â€Å"The Clash of Civilizations,† The Changing Security Environment and American National Interests,Show MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast of the Arguments in Huntingtons The Clash of Civilizations and Saids The Clash of Ignorance1158 Words   |  5 PagesSamuel Huntington has made famous his thesis the clash of civilizations, which was developed in his article in Foreign Affairs in 1993 and in the book that followed, in which the author expanded his thesis and reaffirmed the validity of his theory after the success and controversy that followed the publication of his article. In fact, the â€Å"civilizational† approach of conflicts today is now intrinsically linked to a comprehensive theory of international relations, which Samuel Huntington has developedRead MoreThe Clash of Civilizations: a Summary of Samuel Huntingtons Controversial Political Analysis and Its Critics2376 Words   |  10 PagesBishop The Clash of Civilizations: A Summary of Samuel Huntington’s controversial Political Analysis and its Critics â€Å"Culture and cultural identities, which at the broadest level are civilizational identities, are shaping patterns of cohesion, disintegration, and conflict in the post-Cold War World† - Samuel Huntington POLI 100 - F10N01! Gabrielle Bishop In a 1993 article published in Foreign Affairs, Harvard Professor of Government and Political Scientist Samuel Huntington made a predictionRead MoreThe Clash of Civilizations: a Summary of Samuel Huntington’s Controversial Political Analysis and Its Critics2367 Words   |  10 PagesGabrielle Bishop The Clash of Civilizations: A Summary of Samuel Huntington’s controversial Political Analysis and its Critics â€Å"Culture and cultural identities, which at the broadest level are civilizational identities, are shaping patterns of cohesion, disintegration, and conflict in the post-Cold War World† - Samuel Huntington POLI 100 - F10N01! Gabrielle Bishop In a 1993 article published in Foreign Affairs, Harvard Professor of Government and Political Scientist Samuel Huntington made a predictionRead MoreThe Cold War Was Easy : Capitalism Vs. Communism1402 Words   |  6 PagesUniversal Civilization.† Although he stated that, â€Å"you need to start with a certain kind of sensibility† he admitted, â€Å"I have no unifying theory of things† as well as, â€Å"I am not going to attempt to define this civilization.† Not accepting Naipaul’s theory that, â€Å"in general, the cultural coming together of humanity and the increasing acceptance of common values, beliefs, orientations, practices and institutions by peoples throughout the world†¦Ã¢â‚¬  would create this â€Å"Universal Civilization,† Samuel P. HuntingtonRead MoreEvaluation Of Huntington s Thesis1047 Words   |  5 PagesMuslim and U.S. Relations In 1992, Samuel Huntington had suggested his idea on the Clash of Civilizations (COC) which he later, in 1996, discussed in more detail in his book The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (Huntington 1996). The most popular inference made from his thesis is the idea that post-Cold War conflicts will be due to cultural difference and religion rather than cooperation. Huntington surrounds this idea around eight major civilizations which are: Western, ConfucianRead MoreReanalyze the Relationship of the West and Islamic Civilization Future1142 Words   |  5 PagesSamuel P. Huntington thesis has been in center of debates for many years. Moreover, his prediction that main conflicts in near future is between the West (the United States and allies) versus Islamic Civilization has triggered controversy among International Relations scholars. This paper tries to analyze three main supportive arguments from Huntington thesis in the West v. Islam conflict. Democracy System v. Islamic Laws Samuel P. Huntington stated that Muslims unable to accept democracy becauseRead MoreThe Conflict Between China And The United States1386 Words   |  6 Pagesargue in favor of Samuel Huntington’s theory of the â€Å"clash of civilizations† through cultural divisions in the context of the increasing global conflict between China and The United States. In essence, the â€Å"clash of civilizations† between China and the United States will be primarily based on the problem of cultural hegemony in the 21st century struggle for global dominance between these two modern nation states. Huntington’s theory provides ample evidence of the growing clash of religious culturalRead MoreThe West Vs. Reality1366 Words   |  6 Pagesand descent of civilizations has molded history influencing what nations have become today. The approach of using a strong military and a dynamic economy can be seen as template for civilizations when trying to dominate parts of the world si nce this template has been consistently used. The Clash of Civilizations, an essay by Samuel P. Huntington, argues that, as a result of the Cold War, global politics would be centered around the conflicts between the world’s civilizations. Huntington perceives theRead MoreC112 Theorist Critique Assignment1913 Words   |  8 Pages(Kaplan, Friedman, Huntington, or Barnett), and answer the five requirements beginning on page two of this document. This assignment is worth 25% of the C100 grade. The four readings from which to choose are listed below. Barnett The Pentagon’s New Map: It Explains why We’re Going to War and why We’ll Keep Going to War Friedman National Strategies and Capabilities for a Changing World: Globalization and National Security Huntington The Clash of Civilizations Kaplan TheRead More A Theological Perspective of the Clash of Civilizations Essay7154 Words   |  29 Pagesthe United States of America as a manifestation of a â€Å"clash of civilizations.† At the center of this way of looking at these unprecedented events has been an article and book both authored by the noted Harvard professor of political science, Samuel P. In the summer 1993 edition of the journal Foreign Affairs, Huntington argued that world politics was entering a new phase after the end of the Cold War, and that tensions between civilizations, as the highest cultural groupings of people, would dominate

Business Economics The Price of Crude Oil

Question: Describe about the Business Economics for The Price of Crude Oil. Answer: Part 1 In the year 2015, the price of crude oil has decreased from $50.00 to $45.90. In this situation demand of crude oil has increased. This relationship between demand and price can be analyzed by law of demand theory of economics. Law of demand states that quantity bought of goods and service is a function of price. If the price of the product increases, demand of the product falls. However, if the price of the product decreases, demand of the quantity increases (Marshall, 2013). Below curve shows the response of quantity demanded due to the change in price. Demand curve is downward slopping; it indicates negative relationship between the price and demand. In the above curve, quantity is on the x-axis and the price is on y-axis. When price is (P1) then demanded quantity is (Q1). However, when price is decreased from P1 to P3, quantity demanded increase from Q1 to Q3. The above curve analyzes the negative relation in demand and price. 2. Over the period of last 6 month in 2015, price of crude oil has decreased by 30% and demand of crude oil has increased by only 2%. In the given situation, crude oil has an inelastic demand. Inelastic demand means if price of good changes by 1% then demand of good changes by less than 1% (Mucka, 2016). If the price goes up, buying habit of consumer stay same. At the same time, price of the good and service goes down, consumption remain unchanged. 3. Yes, the opinion expressed in source 1 related to the price elasticity of demand is acceptable. Demand elasticity of a commodity is influenced by the nature of its product. Crude oil is necessity good for a person like the manufacturer and producer of the oil. Hence, demand of oil is not much affected with fluctuations in price. Lower price of oil does not encourage more consumption and vice versa. At the same time, producer of the crude oil are willing to pay higher price to buy the raw material that is used to produces the crude oil, which they need (McEachern, 2016). As it can be analysis that crude oil is a necessity good and there are less substitutes available for the product related to crude oil, the demand for it is inelastic. 4. On the basis of the previous question analysis, producer should increase the price of oil because the demand of the product is inelastic. Price inelasticity of demand is beneficial for business in terms of profit. Additionally, in case of inelastic demand percentage change in demand is less than percentage change in price (Torras et al., 2015). It can be understood with the help of inelastic demand curve, which is as under- Figure 1: Inelastic Demand Curve From the above curve it is analyzed that when price of the product is P1, demand of the product Q1. At the same time, price is increased from P1 to P2; quantity demanded of the product is decreased from Q1 to Q2 that is a very less change in the quantity. In this situation, loss of the customers will be recovered by charging higher price from the existing customers. 5. As per the source 2, shale oil revolution has raised the production trend by 73% in the year 2008 to 2014 in US. Earlier, the crude oil production depended on the natural resources thereby restricting the supply but in the present context a high price elasticity of supply is required by the firms. So firms may take some actions to increase their supply (Braeutigam and Besanko, 2010). As per the source 2, to increase the supply of oil they adopted latest technology by which production and supply is increased. It can be understand by figure given below- Figure 2: Elastic supply Curve In the figure, quantity is on x-axis and price is on y-axis. The above curve analyzes that, when production and quantity supplied increases, price of the product is increased by the firms to generate higher profit. Part 2 The super market industry is the oligopolistic market. In this market, there are only few firms that make up the overall industry. These firms have a control on the overall price and they also have higher entry barriers. Under the oligopoly market, firms follow the policy of price rigidity; it is situation where price trends stay fixed in respect to change in the supply and demand. Moreover, firms produce homogeneous products and there are few firms, which prevents the entry of new firm in the industry. It can be analyzed from the source 1 that, these firms follow different pricing strategy to attract customers like discount strategy and premium pricing. From source 2 it can be analyzed that overall retail market of Australia is covered by 3 firms and the market share of other firms is only 2% in the Australian retail market. 2. No, it is not in interest to have the price discount war. Even though discounts attract more and more customer, in case of oligopoly market, if firm decrease the price, their market share does not increase. This is because as per the kinked demand curve it is assumed that the other firms dont want to lose their market share and they decrease in pricing so the market share of the other firms will be same (Tucker, 2013). Kinked demand curve can be made as below- Figure 3: Kinked Demand Curve The above curve explains that change in the variable cost may not lead to the increase and decrease in the profit maximizing price and quantity. The business might be stable at profit maximizing equilibrium point at quantity Q1 and price P1. Woolworth and Coles should take the premium pricing strategy. It directly affects the profit and the pricing strategy that helps to meet the sales objective of the firms. According to this strategy, firms should effectively use some unique products to increase their market (Einolf and Forgang, 2015). It can be explain in context of Woolworths and Coles with the implementation of game theory that is describe as below- There are different possibilities, which represent the market share of Woolworth and Coles: If they both adopt premium pricing, they both would able to get 1% market share. If one adopted premium, the premium firm would able get 2% market share and other one would get 0% market share. If neither adopted premium pricing, they would get 0% market share. Figure 4: Game theory The best possibility for both would be adoption of the premium pricing strategy which will allow them to gain equal market share in the supermarket industry (McMillan, 2013). 3. Perfect competition is market structure for vegetables market provided by the farmers. This can be identified from source 2 which shows that there are many firms who produce homogeneous and identical products. As it can be seen in the source 1, that famers are the price taker. They have to sell their product on whatever price offered by the firms. That means price war of supermarket make it difficult for farmers to stay in the business. 4. Individual vegetables producer falling their prices due to the price war because in the perfect competition there are many farms and all the firms produce homogeneous product. If one vegetables producer try to increase the price, it would find that firms collecting vegetables from different farms. Additionally, a single farmer of vegetable is unable to affect the price of entire market (Sinclair and Caimcross, 2014). It can be demonstrated by the perfect completion demand curve, which is as below- Figure 5: Perfect Competition Demand Curve In the above curve black line indicates the marginal cost, blue line indicates the average cost and red line indicates the demand of the vegetables. The above curve analysis that in the perfect market competition demands for the vegetables is likely to be down sloping, which inversely related with the price. In the long run small farmers will be forced to leave the market, because in the perfect market competition firms are freely able to enter and exit the market in response to potential profit. The firms cannot make economic profit as well as economic loss in the long run; they can only make normal profit and break even. 5. If individual farmers improve their technology then they will be able to overcome the situation of price fall. With the implementation of new technology, famers are able to reduce their average cost in long run. It will help them in the economic gain and constant returns. After reducing the average cost, farmers will easily sustain in market for the long-run even when the price falls. Reference Braeutigam, R., and Besanko, D. (2010) Microeconomics. US: John Wiley Sons. Einolf, W.K., and Forgang, G.W. (2015) Management Economics: An Accelerated Approach: An Accelerated Approach. UK: Routledge. Marshall, A. (2013) Principles of Economics. US: Springer. McEachern, A.W. (2016) Microeconomics: A Contemporary Introduction. US: Cengage Learning. McMillan, J. (2013) Game Theory in International Economics. UK: Taylor Francis. Mucka, S. (2016) Price Elasticity of Demand and its effect on Revenue. Germany: GRIN Verlag. Sinclair, P., and Caimcross, A. (2014) Introduction to Economics. UK: Butterworth-Heinemann. Torras, M., Roach, B., Nelson, A.J., Harris, M.J., and Goodwin, N. (2015) Principles of Economics in Context. UK: Routledge. Tucker, B.I. (2013) Microeconomics for Today. Australia: Cengage Learning.

The Red Room by HG Wells with The Signalman by Charles Dickens Essay Example For Students

The Red Room by HG Wells with The Signalman by Charles Dickens Essay The to stories that Im going to compare are The Red Room by H. G. Wells and The Signalman by Charles Dickens. The Red Room was written in the pre 20th century and The Signalman was written earlier. Both stories are of a gothic genre. The authors try to keep the reader gripped until the ending in different ways. Charles Dickens uses strange happenings to get you gripped to reading the book e. g. The narrator calls down at the signalman but instead of looking up to see who is calling, he looks the other way down the track. This happens at the beginning of the story which is effective because it gets the reader asking questions about the story. Also H G Wells uses strong words to describe things e. g. steeped in the glow an angry sunset|. This use of personification angry is effective because it gives the reader a clearer view of what is happening. H G Wells creates suspense by repeating Its your own choosing. This is a warning for the narrator from the man with the withered arm. The narrator has come to prove his point that there is no such thing as the supernatural but the man with the withered arm tries his best to persuade him otherwise. H G Wells creates a weird atmosphere. All the characters in the story are odd in different ways; there is a man with a withered arm, pale eyes, monstrous shadow. This creates tension by getting the reader to ask questions about the characters and the gothic theme. H G Wells also describes the house as weird by giving it queer old mirrors and creaking doors. We will write a custom essay on The Red Room by HG Wells with The Signalman by Charles Dickens specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This also adds to the gothic theme, he repeats the warning This night of all nights through the story. This again is trying to persuade the narrator otherwise of his current thoughts. The Signalman starts in a weird way, the narrator calls down to the signalman but he doesnt acknowledge him, this weirdness suggests a gothic story. The story is written in the first person, this has the effect o seeing the story through the narrators eyes giving us a better picture of whats happening. As a reader you have plunged straight into the mystery. The main character, (The Signalman) begins the weird happenings within the first paragraph, setting a weird feel. This has a big effect on the initial atmosphere of the story as the reader begins asking questions in his head about the story. The tense atmosphere continues throughout, The Signalman. The Red Room is written in the first person. The effect of this is that you can see through his eyes and have a better picture of what is happening. You also get a better view of the gothic genre. Because of the thorough descriptions. This story doesnt put us straight into a false sense of security instead it gradually builds suspense. The suspense in The Red Room plummets and climbs a lot, it isnt a constant suspense. This gives the reader the time to prepare for the next shock. We learn at the beginning of the story that the narrator isnt easily scared and doesnt believe in the supernatural. I can assure you said I that it will take a very tangible ghost to frighten me. The greatest suspense begins when the narrator makes his way towards the red room. The long, draughty, subterranean passage was chilly and dusty, and my candle flared and made the shadows cower and quiver. On entering the red room the narrator is quite calm. My mind however was perfectly clear. I postulated quite unreservedly that nothing supernatural could happen and he doesnt believe, but when he comes back out of the room he believes and then is scared. The worst of all the things that haunted poor mortal man said I and that is, in all its nakedness-fear! To get a gothic atmosphere the other characters are weird. .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544 , .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544 .postImageUrl , .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544 , .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544:hover , .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544:visited , .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544:active { border:0!important; } .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544:active , .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544 .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u474b67be03c5969bf33084298c3ac544:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: 1984 Analytical Journal EssayThe old woman speaks to the narrator without looking him in the eye and breaks into conversation. Theres a man with a funny eye and a man with a withered arm. Both these stories are of the same genre but are different in the way that they create an atmosphere and bring it to a climax. The characters in the stories create atmosphere in different ways also. The Signalman creates tension by acting weird. The characters in The Red Room are also weird but are in a physical way. In my opinion both stories are as good as each other because of the interesting techniques used.

Aryabhata the Great Indian Mathamatician Essay Example

Aryabhata the Great Indian Mathamatician Essay Example Aryabhata the Great Indian Mathamatician Essay Aryabhata the Great Indian Mathamatician Essay Essay Topic: Eva Luna Biography Name While there is a tendency to misspell his name as Aryabhatta by analogy with other names having the bhatta suffix, his name is properly spelled Aryabhata: every astronomical text spells his name thus,[1] including Brahmaguptas references to him in more than a hundred places by name. [2] Furthermore, in most instances Aryabhatta does not fit the metre either. [1] [edit] Birth Aryabhata mentions in the Aryabhatiya that it was composed 3,600 years into the Kali Yuga, when he was 23 years old. This corresponds to 499 CE, and implies that he was born in 476 CE. Aryabhata provides no information about his place of birth. The only information comes from Bhaskara I, who describes Aryabhata as asmakiya, one belonging to the asmaka country. It is widely attested that, during the Buddhas time, a branch of the Asmaka people settled in the region between the Narmada and Godavari rivers in central India, today the South Gujarat–North Maharashtra region. Aryabhata is believed to have been born there. [1][3] However, early Buddhist texts describe Ashmaka as being further south, in dakshinapath or the Deccan, while other texts describe the Ashmakas as having fought Alexander, [edit] Work It is fairly certain that, at some point, he went to Kusumapura for advanced studies and that he lived there for some time. [4] Both Hindu and Buddhist tradition, as well as Bhaskara I (CE 629), identify Kusumapura as Pa? aliputra, modern Patna. [1] A verse mentions that Aryabhata was the head of an institution (kulapa) at Kusumapura, and, because the university of Nalanda was in Pataliputra at the time and had an astronomical observatory, it is speculated that Aryabhata might have been the head of the Nalanda university as well. 1] Aryabhata is also reputed to have set up an observatory at the Sun temple in Taregana, Bihar. [5] [edit] Other hypotheses It was suggested that Aryabhata may have been from Tamilnadu, but K. V. Sarma, an authority on Keralas astronomical tradition, disagreed[1] and pointed out several errors in this hypothesis. [6] Aryabhata mentions Lanka on several occasions in the Aryabhatiya, but his Lanka is an abstraction, standing for a point on the equator at the same longitude as his Ujjayini. [7] [edit] Works Aryabhata is the author of several treatises on mathematics and astronomy, some of which are lost. His major work, Aryabhatiya, a compendium of mathematics and astronomy, was extensively referred to in the Indian mathematical literature and has survived to modern times. The mathematical part of the Aryabhatiya covers arithmetic, algebra, plane trigonometry, and spherical trigonometry. It also contains continued fractions, quadratic equations, sums-of-power series, and a table of sines. The Arya-siddhanta, a lost work on astronomical computations, is known through the writings of Aryabhatas contemporary, Varahamihira, and later mathematicians and commentators, including Brahmagupta and Bhaskara I. This work appears to be based on the older Surya Siddhanta and uses the midnight-day reckoning, as opposed to sunrise in Aryabhatiya. It also contained a description of several astronomical instruments: the gnomon (shanku-yantra), a shadow instrument (chhAyA-yantra), possibly angle-measuring devices, semicircular and circular (dhanur-yantra / chakra-yantra), a cylindrical stick yasti-yantra, an umbrella-shaped device called the chhatra-yantra, and water clocks of at least two types, bow-shaped and cylindrical. [3] A third text, which may have survived in the Arabic translation, is Al ntf or Al-nanf. It claims that it is a translation by Aryabhata, but the Sanskrit name of this work is not known. Probably dating from the 9th century, it is mentioned by the Persian scholar and chronicler of India, Abu Rayhan al-Biruni. [3] [edit] Aryabhatiya Direct details of Aryabhatas work are known only from the Aryabhatiya. The name Aryabhatiya is due to later commentators. Aryabhata himself may not have given it a name. His disciple Bhaskara I calls it Ashmakatantra (or the treatise from the Ashmaka). It is also occasionally referred to as Arya-shatas-aShTa (literally, Aryabhatas 108), because there are 108 verses in the text. It is written in the very terse style typical of sutra literature, in which each line is an aid to memory for a complex system. Thus, the explication of meaning is due to commentators. The text consists of the 108 verses and 13 introductory verses, and is divided into four padas or chapters: Gitikapada: (13 verses): large units of time- kalpa, manvantra, and yuga- which present a cosmology different from earlier texts such as Lagadhas Vedanga Jyotisha (c. 1st century BCE). There is also a table of sines (jya), given in a single verse. The duration of the planetary revolutions during a mahayuga is given as 4. 32 million years. Ganitapada (33 verses): covering mensuration (k? etra vyavahara), arithmetic and geometric progressions, gnomon / shadows (shanku-chhAyA), simple, quadratic, simultaneous, and indeterminate equations (kuTTaka) Kalakriyapada (25 verses): different units of time and a method for determining the positions of planets for a given day, calculations concerning the intercalary month (adhikamAsa), kShaya-tithis, and a seven-day week with names for the days of week. Golapada (50 verses): Geometric/trigonometric aspects of the celestial sphere, features of the ecliptic, celestial equator, node, shape of the earth, cause of day and night, rising of zodiacal signs on horizon, etc. In addition, some versions cite a few colophons added at the end, extolling the virtues of the work, etc. The Aryabhatiya presented a number of innovations in mathematics and astronomy in verse form, which were influential for many centuries. The extreme brevity of the text was elaborated in commentaries by his disciple Bhaskara I (Bhashya, c. 600 CE) and by Nilakantha Somayaji in his Aryabhatiya Bhasya, (1465 CE). edit] Mathematics [edit] Place value system and zero The place-value system, first seen in the 3rd century Bakhshali Manuscript, was clearly in place in his work. While he did not use a symbol for zero, the French mathematician Georges Ifrah explains that knowledge of zero was implicit in Aryabhatas place-value system as a place holder for the powers of ten wit h null coefficients[8] However, Aryabhata did not use the Brahmi numerals. Continuing the Sanskritic tradition from Vedic times, he used letters of the alphabet to denote numbers, expressing quantities, such as the table of sines in a mnemonic form. 9] [edit] Approximation of ? Aryabhata worked on the approximation for pi (? ), and may have come to the conclusion that ? is irrational. In the second part of the Aryabhatiyam (ga? itapada 10), he writes: caturadhikam satama agu? am dva? a istatha sahasra? am ayutadvayavi? kambhasyasanno v? ttapari? aha?. Add four to 100, multiply by eight, and then add 62,000. By this rule the circumference of a circle with a diameter of 20,000 can be approached. [10] This implies that the ratio of the circumference to the diameter is ((4 + 100) ? 8 + 62000)/20000 = 62832/20000 = 3. 416, which is accurate to five significant figures. It is speculated that Aryabhata used the word asanna (approaching), to mean that not only is this an approximation but t hat the value is incommensurable (or irrational). If this is correct, it is quite a sophisticated insight, because the irrationality of pi was proved in Europe only in 1761 by Lambert. [11] After Aryabhatiya was translated into Arabic (c. 820 CE) this approximation was mentioned in Al-Khwarizmis book on algebra. [3] [edit] Trigonometry In Ganitapada 6, Aryabhata gives the area of a triangle as ribhujasya phalashariram samadalakoti bhujardhasamvargah that translates to: for a triangle, the result of a perpendicular with the half-side is the area. [12] Aryabhata discussed the concept of sine in his work by the name of ardha-jya. Literally, it means half-chord. For simplicity, people started calling it jya. When Arabic writers translated his works from Sanskrit into Arabic, they referred it as jiba. However, in Arabic writings, vowels are omitted, and it was abbreviated as jb. Later writers substituted it with jiab, meaning cove or bay. (In Arabic, jiba is a meaningless word. ) Later i n the 12th century, when Gherardo of Cremona translated these writings from Arabic into Latin, he replaced the Arabic jiab with its Latin counterpart, sinus, which means cove or bay. And after that, the sinus became sine in English. [13] [edit] Indeterminate equations A problem of great interest to Indian mathematicians since ancient times has been to find integer solutions to equations that have the form ax + by = c, a topic that has come to be known as diophantine equations. This is an example from Bhaskaras commentary on Aryabhatiya: Find the number which gives 5 as the remainder when divided by 8, 4 as the remainder when divided by 9, and 1 as the remainder when divided by 7 That is, find N = 8x+5 = 9y+4 = 7z+1. It turns out that the smallest value for N is 85. In general, diophantine equations, such as this, can be notoriously difficult. They were discussed extensively in ancient Vedic text Sulba Sutras, whose more ancient parts might date to 800 BCE. Aryabhatas method of solving such problems is called the ku aka ( ) method. Kuttaka means pulverizing or breaking into small pieces, and the method involves a recursive algorithm for writing the original factors in smaller numbers. Today this algorithm, elaborated by Bhaskara in 621 CE, is the standard method for solving first-order diophantine equations and is often referred to as the Aryabhata algorithm. [14] The diophantine equations are of interest in cryptology, and the RSA Conference, 2006, focused on the kuttaka method and earlier work in the Sulbasutras. [edit] Algebra In Aryabhatiya Aryabhata provided elegant results for the summation of series of squares and cubes:[15] nd [edit] Astronomy Aryabhatas system of astronomy was called the audAyaka system, in which days are reckoned from uday, dawn at lanka or equator. Some of his later writings on astronomy, which apparently proposed a second model (or ardha-rAtrikA, midnight) are lost but can be partly reconstructed from the discussion in Brahmaguptas khanDakhAdyaka. In some texts, he seems to ascribe the apparent motions of the heavens to the Earths rotation. He also treated the planets orbits as elliptical rather than circular. [16][17] [edit] Motions of the solar system Aryabhata correctly insisted that the earth rotates about its axis daily, and that the apparent movement of the stars is a relative motion caused by the rotation of the earth, contrary to the then-prevailing view that the sky rotated. This is indicated in the first chapter of the Aryabhatiya, where he gives the number of rotations of the earth in a yuga,[18] and made more explicit in his gola chapter:[19] In the same way that someone in a boat going forward sees an unmoving [object] going backward, so [someone] on the equator sees the unmoving stars going uniformly westward. The cause of rising and setting [is that] the sphere of the stars together with the planets [apparently? ] turns due west at the equator, constantly pushed by the cosmic wind. Aryabhata described a geocentric model of the solar system, in which the Sun and Moon are each carried by epicycles. They in turn revolve around the Earth. In this model, which is also found in the Paitamahasiddhanta (c. CE 425), the motions of the planets are each governed by two epicycles, a smaller manda (slow) and a larger sighra (fast). 20] The order of the planets in terms of distance from earth is taken as: the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and the asterisms. [3] The positions and periods of the planets was calculated relative to uniformly moving points. In the case of Mercury and Venus, they move around the Earth at the same mean speed as the Sun. In the case of Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, they move around the Earth at specific speeds, representing each planets motion through the zodiac. Most historians of astronomy consider that this two-epicycle model reflects elements of pre-Ptolemaic Greek astronomy. 21] Another element in Aryabhatas model, the sighrocca, the basic planetary period in relation to the Sun, is seen by some historians as a sign of an underlying heliocentric model. [22] [edit] Eclipses Solar and lunar eclipses were scientifically explained by Aryabhata. Aryabhata states that the Moon and planets shine by reflected sunlight. Instead of the prevailing cosmogony in which eclipses were caused by pseudo-planetary nodes Rahu and Ketu, he explains eclipses in terms of shadows cast by and falling on Earth. Thus, the lunar eclipse occurs when the moon enters into the Earths shadow (verse gola. 7). He discusses at length the size and extent of the Earths shadow (verses gola. 38–48) and then provides the computation and the size of the eclipsed part during an eclipse. Later Indian astronomers improved on the calculations, but Aryabhatas methods provided the core. His computational paradigm was so accurate that 18th century scientist Guillaume Le Gentil, during a visit to Pondicherry, India, found the Indian computations of the duration of the lunar eclipse of 30 August 1765 to be short by 41 seconds, whereas his charts (by Tobias Mayer, 1752) were long by 68 seconds. 3] [edit] Sidereal periods Considered in modern English units of time, Aryabhata calculated the sidereal rotation (the rotation of the earth referencing the fixed stars) as 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4. 1 seconds;[23] the modern value is 23:56:4. 091. Similarly, his value for the length of the sidereal year at 365 days, 6 hours, 12 minutes, and 30 seconds (365. 25858 days)[24] is an error of 3 minutes and 20 seconds over the length of a year (365. 25636 days). [25] [edit] Heliocentrism As mentioned, Aryabhata advocated an astronomical model in which the Earth turns on its own axis. His model also gave corrections (the sigra anomaly) for the speeds of the planets in the sky in terms of the mean speed of the sun. Thus, it has been suggested that Aryabhatas calculations were based on an underlying heliocentric model, in which the planets orbit the Sun,[26][27][28] though this has been rebutted. [29] It has also been suggested that aspects of Aryabhatas system may have been derived from an earlier, likely pre-Ptolemaic Greek, heliocentric model of which Indian astronomers were unaware,[30] though the evidence is scant. [31] The general consensus is that a synodic anomaly (depending on the position of the sun) oes not imply a physically heliocentric orbit (such corrections being also present in late Babylonian astronomical texts), and that Aryabhatas system was not explicitly heliocentric. [32] [edit] Legacy Aryabhatas work was of great influence in the Indian astronomical tradition and influenced several neighbouring cultures through translations. The Arabic transl ation during the Islamic Golden Age (c. 820 CE), was particularly influential. Some of his results are cited by Al-Khwarizmi and in the 10th century Al-Biruni stated that Aryabhatas followers believed that the Earth rotated on its axis. His definitions of sine (jya), cosine (kojya), versine (utkrama-jya), and inverse sine (otkram jya) influenced the birth of trigonometry. He was also the first to specify sine and versine (1 ? cos x) tables, in 3. 75Â ° intervals from 0Â ° to 90Â °, to an accuracy of 4 decimal places. In fact, modern names sine and cosine are mistranscriptions of the words jya and kojya as introduced by Aryabhata. As mentioned, they were translated as jiba and kojiba in Arabic and then misunderstood by Gerard of Cremona while translating an Arabic geometry text to Latin. He assumed that jiba was the Arabic word jaib, which means fold in a garment, L. sinus (c. 1150). [33] Aryabhatas astronomical calculation methods were also very influential. Along with the trigonometric tables, they came to be widely used in the Islamic world and used to compute many Arabic astronomical tables (zijes). In particular, the astronomical tables in the work of the Arabic Spain scientist Al-Zarqali (11th century) were translated into Latin as the Tables of Toledo (12th c. ) and remained the most accurate ephemeris used in Europe for centuries. Calendric calculations devised by Aryabhata and his followers have been in continuous use in India for the practical purposes of fixing the Panchangam (the Hindu calendar). In the Islamic world, they formed the basis of the Jalali calendar introduced in 1073 CE by a group of astronomers including Omar Khayyam,[34] versions of which (modified in 1925) are the national calendars in use in Iran and Afghanistan today. The dates of the Jalali calendar are based on actual solar transit, as in Aryabhata and earlier Siddhanta calendars. This type of calendar requires an ephemeris for calculating dates. Although dates were difficult to compute, seasonal errors were less in the Jalali calendar than in the Gregorian calendar. Indias first satellite Aryabhata and the lunar crater Aryabhata are named in his honour. An Institute for conducting research in astronomy, astrophysics and atmospheric sciences is the Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES) near Nainital, India. The inter-school Aryabhata Maths Competition is also named after him,[35] as is Bacillus aryabhata, a species of bacteria discovered by ISRO scientists in 2009. [36]

PERSONAL EXPERIENCE ESSAY

PERSONAL EXPERIENCE ESSAY ï » ¿ Personal experience essay is all about you and your personal perception of something that has happened to you. The most important thing about personal experience essay is to consequentially realize all the benefits the personal experience that you have received after living through it. Instructors want to see your ability to write, to put events into logical order, to see your ability to use English, and your ability and desire to learn from your own experiences. This is the secret that have just shared with you. The personal experience essay is your chance to communicate with the world and to have opportunity to show yourself from the inside. Â   Another important aspect of personal experience essay is your ability to show in the writing how you have benefited from it. Perhaps the chosen personal experience has taught you completely new things. Perhaps, you have changed your mind and opinion on the things that you disliked or ignored before. Everything in your personal experience that you choose to show does matter. Keep your essay structure according to the essay guidelines. If help needed, we are ready to help you to write original personal experience essay today. PERSONAL EXPERIENCE ESSAY Any type of personal experience essay will start with the particular event selection. Creating personal experience essay is an exciting process and the main focus of this essay is your unique personality. There are several ways to go around writing this type of essay. First is to depict an story or experience that made your laugh. The second is to present a story that has changed you as a person and you became wiser in many ways. You can describe the event in your life that you are proud of and you have benefited from. Or you can describe a personal experience that was a true challenge for you. Depict how you were able a chance to have a personal growth in your life. In these both examples your main goal is to stay objective. If you find yourself to get emotionally involved in the essay you are writing that means that you have already lost your objectivity. Try writing it all out with the focus on your personal feelings and emotions and then get back to real essay writing.

Interpersonal Communication Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interpersonal Communication Skills - Essay Example With the innovation in the era of technology, it is exigent to grasp, memorize, espouse rapidly and the usage of effective communication. One is required to furnish leadership in its growth, for the interest of time, cultivation, evolution and accountability. It is also significant to fathom that communication through various mechanisms, contraption and modes gives different defiance and ruminations. It is through conversation that individual's memorizing principles and policies and the growth of shared meaning associated within the citizenry of rules and observance. Dialogue empowered communicants to reconnoiter their identity within the community, employed in conventions, make drift of their experiences, and cultivate a feeling of intimacy. Conversation helps the participants to enhance the chronicle of the locale and each individual appendage of that locale, which furnished a varied magnitude to their own growth. Finally, this authorized the participants to scrutinize the connotation they deduce of their surveillance and co-operations vis--vis the individual, the community, and the profession.

An examination of assessment tools in relation to Watson's theory of Research Paper

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Yemen Strikes May Target Top AL Qaeda Leaders Essay Example for Free

Yemen Strikes May Target Top AL Qaeda Leaders Essay Al Qaeda is a global militant Islamist organization founded by the late Osama bin Laden and Abdullah Azzam among other Islamic. It dates back to around August 1988-1989 in Peshwar in Pakistan. Its origins were traced to the Soviet War in Afghanistan. It operated as a network that comprised of both multinational, stateless army and a radical Sunni Muslim revolution. This movement called for global jihad and implemented a strict interpretation of the Sharia laws. It was branded a terrorist organization by major organizations and countries in the world such as the United Nation Security Council, the European Union, NATO, the United States, and the United Kingdom among many other countries.               Al Qaeda functioned both on its own and through some minor terrorist organizations. The organizations that operated under the al Qaeda included Ayman al-Wawahiri’s Egyptian Islamic Jihad which was also known as el Gamaa Islamia. There were also other Jihad groups in countries such as Egypt, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Somalia, Djibouti, Afghanistan, Bosnia, Pakistan, Croatia, Tunisia Lebanon, Albania, Philippines, Azerbaijan, Tajistan and the Hashmiri Region in India and Chechnyan in Russia. AL Qaeda kept cells and personnel in numerous countries to facilitate its operations including Kenya, Tanzania, the United States, Germany, United Kingdome, Malaysia and Canada. â€Å"Al Qaeda has no home base, but maintains cells in different countries in Europe, the Middle East and Southeast Asia† (Zalman) Objectives                  One of the ultimate goals of Al Qaeda was to fight off the United States armed forces out of Saudi Arabian peninsula and Somalia. They issued rulings on Islamic laws indicating that such action was proper and essential. Bin Laden led the AL Qaeda to oppose the United States for various reasons. First, they perceived the United States to have no faith because its governance was not as per their interpretation of the Islamic laws. The second reason was that they regarded the United States as a provider of vital support to â€Å"other infidel† nations and institutions. They particularly branded the Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Israel and finally the United Nations, as enemies of the Islamists organization. Third, Osama Bin Laden greatly contended the participation of the United States armed force in the Gulf war and operation Restore Hope in Somalia in 1991, 1992 and 1993 respectively. Above all, the presence of the American forces in the Saudi Arabian penins ula was with no doubt resented by the al Qaeda. Last but not least, the United States Government’s incredible resentment was owed to the arrest and conviction of the al Qaeda personnel or any member of their affiliate terrorists organizations. For these reasons, Osama Bin Laden led the al Qaeda to declare jihad, holy war, against the United States. He pursued this goal through all means possible. The al Qaeda made attacks on any nations or organizations allied to the United States.                Since 1988, when Al Qaeda was formed, â€Å"the organization has been credited with scores of terror attacks around the globe, which have resulted in the deaths of thousands of people† (National Geographic). Attacks in East Africa                   On 7th August 1998, well planned attacks were made on two American embassies in the East African countries of Kenya and Tanzania. In Tanzania, it is perceived by the authorities that a bomb was planted in a refrigeration truck which was later parked outside the United States embassy. It was unfortunate that these two embassies did not meet the recent strict measures that have been implemented. The attack on the Tanzanian embassy saw 11 people die and 86 more get injured. On the other hand the Kenyan bombing resulted in the deaths of 12 Americans, 213 Kenyan Citizens and had over 5000 casualties. One of AL Qaeda’s leaders, Al Libi, â€Å"was wanted for his alleged role in the deadly 1998 bombings of the two embassies in Africa† (CNN).               The aftermath of this attack was devastating and the United States in conjunction with the Tanzanian government sought to set up a new embassy. The United States impeached Osama Bin Laden as the core perpetrator of the bombing of these embassies. The united stated went ahead to offer a reward for five million dollars for his arrest and conviction.                   The United States government as devastated as it was plotted attacks on Sudan and Afghanistan. On 20th August 1998, the United States attacked Sudan and Afghanistan. It was alleged that the US targeted a chemical weapons producing plant, located in Sudan, with 13 cruise missiles. This only resulted to the deaths of the night guards. There has not been any substantial evidence that supports the attack and therefore it has come under extreme criticism. The attack on Afghanistan consisted of about 75 cruise missiles which targeted three separate terrorists’ camps and strongholds. This attack brought the deaths of 24 people but unfortunately failed in getting Osama Bin Laden. â€Å"The strikes were a response to an imminent threat to the U.S. posed by a terrorist network backed by Osama bin Laden† (CNN). Attacks in Yemen                   This is AL Qaeda’s first ever attack in its course. It is known as the Yemen Hotel Bombing of 1992. On the evening of the 29th of December 1992, a bomb went off at the Gold Mahur Hotel. This happened to be where the United States’ armed forces had been staying on their route to Somalia. Fortunately the troops had already evacuated the hotel at the time of the attack. Undeterred by any circumstances, the AL Qaeda went ahead to plot another attack. They targeted another hotel. They perceived that the American troops were staying in the Aden Movenpick. However, the bomb detonated in the hotel car park, ahead of time for their attack. The explosion led to the death of two Australian tourists. Osama Bin Laden and Mohamed Khan claimed responsibility for these attacks. Attacks in Jordan                In December 1999-2000, there was a plotted attack by the AL Qaeda to attack United States and Israelis tourists who had visited Jordan to celebrate the millennium. Conversely, authorities in Jordan disillusioned the plotted attacks and apprehended and convicted 28 suspects. This plot involved the bombing of the LAX but this was a complete failure for the AL Qaeda since the bomber, known as Ahmed Ressam was apprehended at the US- Canadian border with explosives in his car. The AL Qaeda did not stop at that. They planned an attack on the USS Sullivans on January the third in 2000. This failed because they put too much weight on a small boat that was to bomb the ship. Attack on MV Limburg                   The Limburg was loaded with 397,000 barrels, equated to 63,100 m3, of crude oil from Iran en route to Malaysia. It was attacked in the Gulf of Aden off Yemen where it was to collect another load of crude oil. The Limburg was registered under a French-flag. PETRONAS, a Malaysian petrol firm, had chartered the Limburg. At some distance offshore, a small boat loaded with explosives rammed the tanker on the starboard and detonated. The craft caught fire and estimated 90,000 barrels, equated to 140,000 m3 of crude oil spilled into the ocean. Yemeni authorities apparently claimed that the explosion was caused by an accident. However investigations showed traces of TNT on the wrecked vessel. In the incident one crew member was killed and 12 others were injured. According to BBC, Ahmed al-Darbi confessed to being responsible for this incident.                      The Battle of WanatOn July 13, 2008, AL Qaeda and Taliban guerilla fighters raged war on NATO troops. This occurred near Wanat, a village in Waygal district, in Afghanistan’ province of Nuristan. This battle has been branded â€Å"Black Hawk Down†. It was one of the bloodiest attacks in the war and one of the numerous attacks on remote outposts. In comparison to the preceding ambushes that were executed in a haphazard manner, this was well coordinated and executed. â€Å"American casualties included nine killed and 27 wounded, while four Afghan National Army (ANA) soldiers were wounded† (Terrorists groups). Attacks on the United States                  On Tuesday September 11, 2001 a coordinated series of 4 attacks were launched on the US in the metropolitan area of Washington DC and in New York by the Al-Qaeda, a terrorist group of Islamic religion.                19 Al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four passenger airliners. The purpose of hijacking the planes was so that they could be used for suicide attacks.                  Two of the planes, the United Airline flight 175 and also the American Airliners flight II were crashed into the south and north towers of the world trade center complex in New York City respectively. In two hours the two towers collapsed. The debris from the buildings and the fires partly of completely caused the collapse of the buildings in the world trade center complex and also caused damage to another ten large surrounding structures. The Rise                  The affliction of AL Qaeda on global is seemingly a long standing affair. Its beginning goes back decades to the modern-day establishment and conversion of a non-state armed group that has made it its purpose to create exceptional regional and international changes based on unnecessary use of brutal force for political motives. Apart from prompting domestic and foreign crises, the AL Qaeda focused specifically in adapting and prospering open-endedly as it sought new approaches. All along, it is in this perspective that the growth of AL Qaeda was planned for. This was a preordained way for the group to ensure it growth regardless of any setbacks from the very beginning. This isolated it from preceding and successive Islamists groups. On the other hand, traditional Islamist factions started to institute themselves through religious preaching, political sermons and particularly through networks of domestic social amenities.                   The first incarnation of AL Qaeda was to act as a welfare provider originating in the reinter state, Arabian Gulf. On the other hand its purpose was to apparently fight the Soviet Union in the 1980s, Jihad. The superiority of this underlying principle did not translate to a sudden halt of an unsatisfied local aim but somewhat the domestic contention to spill out to the external parties. From the perspective of a failed Arab and Islamic nation building, this faction sprang forth as a project with the combination of religion and politics. I was built upon: Relocation of authority; Outwitting the state; And the belligerent empowerment of a non-state actor.                  If in the beginning the swift propagation of the five regional depictions of the Al Qaeda were questionable, an added suggestion of the organization’s inspiring global reach and its ability to function in multiple nations long after War on Terror had been declared against it, it progressively occurred that the regional affiliates were significantly at variance and their link to the mother Al Qaeda was in some way unsubstantiated.                   Although in its first fifteen years it had been able to develop globally against vital odds; for each tactical loss, the Al Qaeda earned a strategic gain. This was demonstrated by: Retreating in Afghanistan but advancing in Iraq; Restricted leadership but had proliferating contacts; Abridged physical mobility but had global impact; Additional enemies but expanding recruits. The fall                  In the period between 2006 and 2011, AL Qaeda’s leadership had changed into a self-commandment, in due course offering only political, religious and military commentary, and not operational orders. Taking everything into account, what can be interpreted as a regionalization strategy of the Al Qaeda mixed up the global representation of the organization. The required elasticity the group embraced, partially voluntarily, partially as a way to adjust to the impending international anti-terrorism campaign, brought about an ever-growing distance with the already liberated divisions.                  Osama Bin Laden’s vanishing from Al Qaeda and also the War on Terror scene, for that reason, signified the end of the reign of the original faction established in Afghanistan. This opened a new chapter in which the regional authorizations will further sanction their existing independence. In so doing they will bestow the conflict with a new arrangement by diminishing terrorism among nations. War on Terror                  Previous efforts to put an end to this menace were somehow unsuccessful until May 2, 2011. O this day, a team of U.S Navy Seals with the help of the United States intelligence located the AL Qaeda leader Osama Bin Laden. He was found in Abbottabad in Pakistan, 31 Miles from Islamabad where he met his demise. On June 16 the same year, Ayman al-Zawahiri succeeded Osama Bin Laden but the fight against terror continues.                The war against terror is a global war. There have been numerous efforts to curb the AL Qaeda menace. The United States has shown great dedication in trying to bring justice to the crimes committed by this faction, the Al Qaeda. These efforts have included several military actions by the United States armed forces and other allied nations and institutions like the UK and the United Nations. Presently, there are ongoing various military operations against this terrorist faction. This operation either targets the faction directly or the affiliates of this faction such as the Al Shabaab in Somalia. Many countries have joined the war against terrorism. For example, according to Fox News, the Iraqi Government has announced that it is offensive on AL Qaeda. Yemen is also said to be targeting top AL Qaeda leaders, as Stated by CNN reporters, Jamjoom and Smith, write.                   The United States government has greatly contributed the gradual fall that AL Qaeda is undergoing. Military action is seemingly the way to go since these terrorists seem not to the get the hang of diplomacy. Presently, â€Å"prompted in part by a recent video that showed Al Qaeda leaders in Yemen openly taunting the United States, the CIA launched lethal drone strikes†(Dilanian). According to ABC News, even after two years when the United States withdrew its troops from Iraq, the US is still aid the Iraqi government to fight off the AL Qaeda faction. References Al Qaeda. Answers, n.d. Web. 26 Apr. 2014. AL Qaeda Attacks: A Chronology. National Geographic, n.d. Web. 26 Apr. 2014. Battle of Wanat 2008. Terrorist Groups, 8 Apr. 2008. Web. 26 Apr. 2014 Fast facts: The embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania. CNN, 6 Oct. 2013. Web. 26 Apr. 2014. Guantanamo prisoner al-Darbi admits MV Limburg Attack. BBC, 20 Feb. 2014. Web. 26 Apr. 2014. Jamjoom, Mohammed and Smith, Matt. Yemen Strikes May Target Top AL Qaeda Leaders. CNN, 21 Apr. 2014. Web. 26 Apr. 2014. US Assisting Iraq in Fight Against Al Qaeda 2 Years After Troops Withdraw. ABC NEWS, 23 Jan. 2014. Web. 26 Apr. 2014.Zalman, Amy. Al Qaeda: Profile of Al Qaeda. About, n.d. Web. 26 Apr. 2014. Source document

Skin Cancer :: essays research papers

Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in the United States. There are two different types of skin cancers: Melanomas and non-melanomas. To understand both of these terms a little better you need to be aware that your skin is divided up into 3 layers: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutis. The top layer, the epidermis, is very thin and serves to protect the deeper layers of the skin. The epidermis is also composed of basal cells, which in turn divide to form squamous cells and melanocytes. Melanoma skin cancer develops from the melanocytes and non-melanomas skin cancer develops from the basal and squamous cells. There are 2 types of non-melanomas cancer that result from these cells. The first is basal cell carcinoma; basal cell carcinoma begins in the lowest layer of the epidermis, the basal cell layer. This type of skin cancer tends to be slow growing and is usually is found in areas that are highly exposed to sunlight, such as the head or neck. The second type is called squamous cell carcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for 20% of all skin cancers, and penetrates the skin more than basal cell would, therefore, is considered to be more harmful. Surprisingly, even with these astonishing numbers people still continue to put themselves at risk everyday. The solution to all this is very simple, we all need to wear sunscreen when planning to expose ourselves to the sun. There are also other everyday preventive measures that we can take to decrease our chances of harmful exposure to the sun. It is always helpful to wear a shirt and a hat with a broad brim. Wear sunglasses that absorb 99%-100% of UV rays to help your block your eyes and the skin around your eyes from these harmful rays. The two most important things for most people who like to tan are to seek shade frequently and to never use tanning beds. You can put your body at even more of a higher risk of contracting skin cancer when staying in the constant heat. One of the most effective ways is to wear sunscreen when out in the sun. Sunscreens are designed to protect against sunburn (UVB rays) and generally provide little protection against UVA rays. There are two types of sunscreens, chemical and physical. Chemical sunscreens contain chemicals such as benzophenone or oxybenzone as the active ingredient.

Investment Banking

Investment Banking in 2008 Group Report 1. Failure Analysis: Identify the major factors that contributed to Bear Stearns’s failure? Who stood to benefit from its implosion? How did Bear Stearns’s collapse differ from the ‘Long Term Capital Management’ failure a decade earlier? What could Bear Stearns have done differently to avoid this fate? In the early 2000’s? And during the summer of 2007? And during the week of March 10, 2008? (1) Identify the major factors that contributed to Bear Stearns’s failure? Bear’s somewhat cutthroat and renegade culture of maverick may have contributed a lot to their failure.This culture somehow made it killed by the credit crisis, while other investment banks survived. But the direct factors resulted in Bear’s implosion were the failure of Ralph Cioffi’s High-Grade Structured Credit Strategies Fund and Enhanced Leverage High-Grade Structured Credit Strategies Fund, which invested in sophisti cated credit derivatives backed by mortgage securities. And these failures cost Bear more than 1. 6 billion dollars to prop up two hedge funds. And the failures of two hedge funds led to a continuous questioning about Bear’s financial stability.At the same time, Bear concentrated its business on CDOs, which means it had high exposure to this item. Thus when credit crisis happened, it is significantly impacted. And in early 2008, Moody’s downgraded 163 tranches of mortgage backed bonds issued by Bear. Almost everyone realized that Bear will face liquidity problem. But meanwhile, Bear highly relied on repo to finance itself. When lender lost confidence in Bear, it failed in finding another effective way to find cash. In sum, the reasons above contributed to the failure of Bear in 2008 crisis. (2) Who stood to benefit from its implosion?JP Morgan is the beneficiary from Bear’s bankruptcy. It gained a company which had $172. 61 worth less than 8 months ago with an i ncredible low price of $10 a share. (3) How did Bear Stearns’s collapse differ from the ‘Long Term Capital Management’ failure a decade earlier? The origin in LTCM’s failure was the high-leveraged structure. It obtained excessive debt for the investment of the bonds. Simultaneously, the market capacity was not sufficient to support LTCM’s large bloated size. As time had gone, market competition and capacity diminished its profitability.But with such a high leverage, LTCM had no other choice but to gain enough profit to move on. Therefore, they got a foot into some unfamiliar area. Meanwhile, as to the trading strategy, LTCM held a large quantity of asset with low liquidity. However, situation was different from what they had predicted. Big loss happened eventually, but LTCM could not sell asset for enough cash. It inevitably had to go bankruptcy. High leverage structure of Bear’s hedge fund also had great impact on its collapse. But the awful strategy of Bear’s management should blame most for its bankruptcy.If it was in a less turbulent environment, things might be different. Continual bad news about Bear from executives’ unmannered behavior to its first quarterly loss since foundation ruined the confidence of investors. And another difference in the failure of both was that Bear mainly died of market failure. When the whole market was fear of the loss of subprime asset, the large subprime assets holding companies such as Bear Stearns, could not avoid a fate of great loss and liquidity problem. (4) What could Bear Stearns have done differently to avoid this fate?In the early 2000’s? As an investment bank, Bear was just in pursuit of the return while underestimated the potential aftermath of being too risky. Most of its profit was composed of fixed income securities. Meanwhile, Bear should not let each hedge fund manager just specialize in a particular security to make volatility. It is obvious that Bear’s risk management had significant flaw. Furthermore, since the over-confident Bear was desperate for the incredible return, it was not attentive to such supernormal growth of the housing price.They should not just concentrate on CDOs without also devoting their asset in other business, as diversification is so important for a firm. But it may not happen, since Bear was not less greed than the surrounding. And during the summer of 2007? If Bear realized the market could not be defeated, they should have controlled Cioffi’s risky action of raising new hedge fund with a higher leverage. Conversely, they should liquidate the fund. If the liquidation was performed, they should not have lost such great amount in this worthless fund.And meanwhile it began to try to search for cash to finance itself. Except those worthless ‘toxic assets’, Bear still had some assets, which could provide it some cash flow. If Bear sold these assets earlier with determination, they might not sink in liquidity problem so deeply. And during the week of March 10, 2008? After Bear was downgraded by Moody, market had lost confidence in it. Almost everyone realized bear’s liquidity problem. When pointed out to have liquidity problems, Bear’s executives should realize the severity of the crisis rather than believing the worst was once again behind them.Even though they could not recover from the difficulty, prime actions could be taken, including exposing the reality to the market, reassuring the investors, making urgent strategies, applying for emergent aids from the Fed, and applying for temporary held in stock trading. 2. Liquidity Crisis and Business Model of Investment Banks: What is the role of Liquidity for banking and investing banking firms? Is perception of Liquidity more important for a banking/investment banking firm than manufacturing firms (such as Ford or Boeing)? Why?What could Bear Stearns have done to address its Liquidity concern s, which initiated the run on the bank? Looking back, what lessons can we infer from Bear Stearns’s failure regarding the business model of investment banks? Looking forward is the concept of ‘pure-play’ investment banks sustainable? (1) What’s the role of liquidity for banking and investing banking firms? Liquidity can reveal the untrue existence of cash (and cash equivalents), short-term investments, accounts receivable and accounts payable, etc. To which extent it lives up to the real condition.It measures whether the bank’s business is legal, reasonable and whether the financial status is promptly and properly reflected on the financial reports. Liquidity risk is also important. It values the repayment of debt and reminds the board of the corporation’s risk at any time. Managing liquidity is a daily process requiring bankers to monitor and project cash flows to ensure that adequate liquidity is maintained. The investment portfolio serves as the primary source of liquidity and represents a smaller portion of assets. Investment securities can be liquidated to satisfy deposit withdrawals and increased loan demand. 2) Is perception of Liquidity more important for a banking/investment banking firm than manufacturing firms (such as Ford or Boeing)? Why? Yes. The main sources of funding for commercial banks are deposit, interbank borrowings, commercial banks deposits, the international money market borrowings and the issuance of financial bonds, among which the short-term deposit accounts for the vast majority of the proportion. However, these funds are primarily used for commercial loans, discounting business, securities investment, etc. These higher profitability and long-term loans account for the absolute proportion in the composition of assets.This mismatch between assets and liabilities makes the liquidity of assets very important in banks’ operation. Since when sudden changes occurred in the market, a large n umber of customers will be forced to perform withdrawal, therefore the bank will be very difficult to realize its assets and to meet its liquidity needs. In some sense, it is similar for the investment banks. The difference is just that they do not raise money from retail depositors; most of the money is funded in the interbank market and is used to hold illiquid mortgage backed securities.Once banks were not able to provide funding for business, a banking contagion will occur and spread. A traditional manufacturing business is generally funded by equity or long-term debt and has steady cash flows from business operations. Even in the case of a collapse of such businesses, it would not have the same contagion effect as banks. (3) What could Bear Stearns have done to address its Liquidity concerns, which initiated the run on the bank? 1. The basis of the modern financial system is not physical assets, but people’s confidence in this system.Actually when the rumor of BSC runnin g out of cash was widely spread, BSC was forced to make a public announcement to ensure the public that their financial situation was solid and their liquidity was sufficient. Unfortunately, BSC did not take valid action or provide strong evidence such as strengthen its financial sheets or reducing leverage to convince investors. The board should pay more attention to the operation of the corporate rather than participate in a bridge tournament. 2. BSC could reduce leverage by selling their risky assets to generate cash during a period of financial stress.They should maintain enough reserves in the form of short-term instruments of the highest credit quality to meet the obligation. So an amount of funds should be invested only in instruments that have guaranteed liquidity, like treasury instruments. 3. Bear Stearns, three-quarters of whose revenue was still dependent on the market (see the source below), should adopt diversification strategy to find a real alternative to business an d improve its finance. The plans could be accelerate the development in other countries and diversified business, including equities, investment banking and asset management businesses.Source: http://finance. sina. com. cn/money/future/20080403/09024705325. shtml (4) What lessons can we infer from Bear Stearns’s failure regarding the business model of investment banks? Diversification of the investment is the foremost thing to consider for any matured investor. Investing heavily into one company, one industry, or having only one investment strategy is unadoptable. You are banking for speculation that one company or industry will always do well. But in fact, it is hardly possible to be in perfect condition at any time.You must make your investment portfolio diversified. Maybe an element of international stocks can be added into the portfolio. When the U. S. market is unprofitable, it still has the chance to get profits from Asia and Europe so as to keep the portfolio solid. So metimes high leverage can kill a firm. In March 2008, Bear owned tangible equity capital of about $11 billions versus total assets of $395 billions—a leverage ratio of 36. For several years, this reckless financing bring the company a profit margin of about one third and a return on equity of twenty percent.However, when the market endured a sharp downturn, Bear lose a lot of capital and willing creditors. During the ensuing months, the same story was to be played out at scores of other banks and non-banks. (5) Looking forward is the concept of ‘pure-play† investment banks sustainable? The performance of a pure-play investment bank can be highly influenced by the type of investing style which targets at it. For instance, if a pure-play bank's business is favored by growth investing, the company will do well during a bull market, where growth stocks tend to outperform the market.Conversely, a pure-play bank associated with growth investing will do poorly during bea r market, when a value investing strategy is historically more profitable. What’s more, the pure-play investment banks have relied heavily on short-term capital, especially repo transactions in which counterparties take collateral as security against the cash they lend. As public companies, pure-play banks faced pressure to deliver return on equity comparable to that of universal banks, even as those banks put competitive pressure on traditional advisory businesses such as M;A, underwriting, and sales and trading.In response, pure-play banks resorted to the two advantages they had over non-depository institutions: unlimited, unregulated leverage capacity, and increasing reliance on proprietary trading to deliver earnings. 3. Systemic Banking Crisis and Regulation: What is a â€Å"systemic banking crisis†? What is ‘banking contagion†? What was the rationale for the creation of ‘fire-wall’ of separation between investment banking and commercial b anking in USA that was institutionalized by the Banking Act of 1933? Why did the regulators weaken and phase out that ‘fire-wall of separation’ in 1990s?Identify the major Deregulatory Acts and its role in the meltdown of the investment banking industry? In your opinion, based on lessons from past global banking crisis, what steps should regulators institute now to address similar future problems? (1) What is a â€Å"systemic banking crisis†? Systemic banking crisis refers to the crisis detrimental to the whole financial system. It is the fatal chaos that several disastrous crises occur simultaneously, such as monetary crisis, banking system crisis, foreign-debt crisis, etc.The crisis expands from one financial market to another. For example, from the stock market to the real estate market or foreign-trade market, etc. (2) What is ‘banking contagion†? Banking contagion refers to a scenario where the banks, which initially affected by some crisis sprea d to the other banks even the other countries whose economy is previously healthy. In this scenario, the expansion could be very quick and disastrous. The international spread might cause the whole banking system to be paralyzed and need another several more years for recovery. 3) What was the rationale for the creation of ‘fire-wall’ of separation between investment banking and commercial banking in USA that was institutionalized by the Banking Act of 1933? There are 3 major factors. 1. Risk of losses (safety and soundness). Banks that engaged in underwriting and holding corporate securities and municipal revenue bonds presented significant risk of loss to depositors and the federal government that had to come to their rescue; they were also more subject to failure with a resulting loss of public confidence in the banking system and greater risk of financial system collapse. . Conflicts of interest and other abuses. Banks that offer investment banking services and mutu al funds were subject to conflicts of interest and other abuses, thereby resulting in the harm to their customers, including borrowers, depositors, and correspondent banks. 3. Improper banking activities. Even if there were no actual abuses, securities-related activities are contrary to the way banking ought to be conducted.The Act prohibited the combination of a depository institution, such as that, commercial banks (those that accept deposits) were prohibited from engaging in most investment banking activities, including underwriting and selling securities, and from affiliating with investment banks and other companies â€Å"engaged principally† in the trading of securities. Likewise, investment banks were barred from accepting deposits. (4) Why did the regulators weaken and phase out that ‘fire-wall of separation’ in 1990s? Inspired by a desire to make U. S. nvestment banks competitive with foreign deposit-taking investment banks such as UBS, Deutsche Bank, an d Credit Suisse First Boston, a Republican Congress and President Clinton passed the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Services Modernization Act in 1999, permitting insurance companies, investment banks, and commercial banks to compete on equal footing across products and markets. (5) Identify the major Deregulatory Acts and its role in the meltdown of the investment banking industry? 1999–Glass-Steagall Act Fell The repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act in 1999 had larger ramifications than any other steps in deregulation.Repealing this act made it possible for investment banks to be savings and loan banks and to receive to the same government protections as savings and loan banks. An investment bank could make investments with people's savings, sometimes irresponsibly, and those investments now were guaranteed by the federal government. 1988–Securitization In 1988, securitization, or repackaging assets as a financial instrument to sell to investors, became legal. Banks were a llowed to sell their mortgages to SPVs. Mortgages were no longer being made to hold but to sell, and lending requirements became substantially more lenient.This created a combination of bad loans and banks without the funds to back them up. 2004–SEC In 2004, the SEC abolished the â€Å"net capital† rule, which restricted the amount of debt their brokerage units could take on-demonstrated this growing appetite for leverage. This led investment banks to leverage themselves at a financially irresponsible 30 to 1 percent, meaning that for every $1 they had on hand they had $30 in debt. When some of these investments collapsed, the banks did not have the ready capital to maintain their companies. Ultimately, increased leverage and proprietary trading ravaged the nvestment banking industry, leading to the collapse, merge, or restructure of all 5 major pure-play banks on Wall Street. This time, the SEC took the unprecedented step of temporarily banning short sales of financia l institution stocks. The ban caused massive losses in hedge fund portfolios and dissuaded them from making additional investments, denying would-be issuers access to needed capital. Moreover, the SEC placed a ban on so-called ‘naked’ shorting, which reduced the total amount of short interest that could accumulate in a stock. 6) In your opinion, based on lessons from past global banking crisis, what steps should regulators institute now to address similar future problems? 1. The regulations should be placed on the fundamental part of economy. For example, when there seems to have bubbles in one field, the Fed should not ignore. It should adjust the policy towards the industry to change the unbalanced situation. 2. To fortify the risk awareness continuously in traders’ mind, especially those who control the wealth of millions of people. Their behaviors might have huge influence to the market and the profitability of the firms. 3.The Fed should research for adjustm ent for investors from the market of different systems to ensure that obstacles will not exist in multinational trades. Meanwhile, policies of staying resistant to exterior crisis should be prepared in case of the explosion of crisis. 4. Federal Bailout and Public Policy: Why did the Federal Reserve bail-out Bear Stearns? Why was Lehman Brothers allowed to collapse while Bear Stearns was not? Is the Fed orchestrated sale of Merrill Lynch to Bank of America the optimal solution for addressing the crisis? Could Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs have survived with out becoming bank holding companies?In your view, what public policy role should the Federal Reserve play in maintaining sustainability in global banking and stability securities markets? Why was there such a public out-cry against the bailout of Wall Street investment banks? Based on this recent performance how would you rate the Federal Reserve’s response to the financial crisis? (1) Why did the Federal Reserve bail-o ut Bear Stearns? If Bear went bankruptcy, it would affect other firms in Wall Street as well, since Bear was a market leader in prime brokerage and clearing who provided trading and back-end services to many other Wall Street financial institutions.Most customer asset would get frozen in the event of bankruptcy, and many hedge funds had collateral in the firm. Because of Bear’s holding of 13 trillion credit default swaps, the collapse of Bear would influence many other companies, which means too big to fail at that time. However, the Fed didn’t forecast that this kind of matter will happen again. The Fed Reserve bailed out Bear Sterns just to avert crisis and dissuade further irresponsible risk-seeking. The bailout benefited Wall Street at the expense of Main Street and the low share price was to discourage banks from taking on similar risk. 2) Why was Lehman Brothers allowed to collapse while Bear Stearns was not? The decision to let Lehman Brothers fail was largely m ade by then-Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson and the British Financial Services Authority. The public outcry over the taxpayer assumption of $29 billion in potential Bear losses made repeating such a move politically untenable. Therefore, the Fed refused to back Lehman’s liabilities and backstop losses from Lehman’s toxic mortgage holdings. Moreover, Barclay’s quitted the acquisition, worrying that it could not be satisfied with the timely shareholder approval, which directly led to the collapse of Lehman.The Fed also wanted to set it as an example, to let other company to know that not every time the government will come out to bail out the company, so they will have deliberate consideration repeatedly before making all kinds of risky investments. (3) Is the Fed orchestrated sale of Merrill Lynch to Bank of America the optimal solution for addressing the crisis? No. This transaction doubled the investment banking size of Bank of America. Furthermore, it exposed Bank of America to mortgage-backed securities, which had negative impact on the long-term credit rating of the bank.This transaction could not prevent the occurrence of another such case like Merrill Lynch’s, and this behavior could not bring unforgettable lesson to other banks. (4) Could Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs have survived without becoming bank holding companies? No. According to the research, Goldman Sachs was a major beneficiary of the government’s bailout of the financial services industry, not only through AIG but also through its ability to fall under the regulatory umbrella as a bank holding company, which made it eligible for debt guarantees and other government backstops.Every financial services company on the earth wanted to become a bank and line up for the handouts coming from Washington such as American Express, GE Capital, and GMAC. Even Willem Buiter, a former central banker, wanted to become a bank. Goldman was in a more precarious position than bank holding companies because of the vulnerabilities of being a broker-dealer. Nouriel Roubini warned repeatedly before Lehman’s collapse that the large full services broker-dealer model was broken. (5) In your view, what public policy role should the Federal Reserve play in maintaining sustainability in global banking and stability securities markets?From the lesson of subprime housing crisis, we think the Federal Reserve should control the capital, but without influencing the supply and demand. Since this crisis was created by those bad loans, the government’s control would limit people to invest on housing market, and somehow be better for people who are really in need of a place to stay. Furthermore, we have several pieces of advice to the Fed, besides in housing matters: a) Regulate the gross domestic and international banking environment. b) Reinforce the supervision over the risk control of investment banks. ) Restrict the expansion of any potential crisis once any symbol occurs. d) Do best to avoid the asymmetric information in the market. e) Ensure a fair and open environment for trading. (6) Why was there such a public out-cry against the bailout of Wall Street investment banks? People’s being against to government’s bailout the Wall Street had 2 main reasons. First, people believed Wall Street got this mess by themselves and they should be the one to clean it up, rather than that the government used tax payer money to save the Wall Street.They thought this was not fair, because this kind of action would increase the US government’s debt, and tax payer would have to pay more tax in the future to cover this debt. This debt may take a long time to be recovered. Second, when the government did get involved in the Wall Street crisis, the free market would not exist anymore, and next time if any firm had problem, they would ask the government to save them, which would totally be against the American economic policy , and belief. 7) Based on this recent performance how would you rate the Federal Reserve’s response to the financial crisis? Based on the recent performance, we think they had done what they had to do, but we think they should let the economic fail, based on the free market of American. They should let the invisible hand control the market, and the market should flow freely by itself. It will come back up, however long it takes. Now the government is using the tax payer’s money to cover Wall Street crisis, which actually is not fair.

Physical Activity and Childhood Obesity

As people age the knowledge and experiences they gain in life may help shape their daily decisions. Adults are often more conscientious of the benefits physical activity has on their bodies and their health. With the growing popularity of video games, the distraction of television and the fast paced lifestyles many people are now living, children are being greatly affected. The result of children being more sedentary in current times has led to a greater prevalence of child obesity in society.In order to combat this issue it is imperative that children partake in physical activity. Children learn by example and the involvement the schools, communities and parents have with the child helps shape their outcomes in life. There are several factors that may contribute to childhood obesity. In an article on Children’s Physical Activity and Obesity it states that; â€Å"[†¦] the effects of parenting, the home environment, and developmental and psychological factors on diet, obe sity, and physical activity have received significant attention† (Luisa Franzini, PhD, 2oo9).From this attention, new research and developments are achieved. The number of children who experience overweight is growing at an alarming rate in recent times. According to an article on overweight and obesity, 1 out of 3 children are considered overweight or obese (Kids Health, 2009). Research has shown that overweight and obesity leads to health issues, some of which can be fatal. Moreover, the CDC states; â€Å"Obese youth are more likely to have risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as high cholesterol or high blood pressure.In a population-based sample of 5- to 17-year-olds, 70% of obese youth had at least one risk factor for cardiovascular disease† (Healthy Youth, 2010). Further, experiencing overweight in childhood presents a greater possibility of experiencing overweight in adulthood. According to the CDC, obese youth are more likely to become overweight adults , and therefore more at risk for associated adult health problems, including heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, several types of cancer, and osteoarthritis (Healthy Youth, 2010).A positive outlook on afore mentioned statistics is that these health issues can be prevented by adapting a proper diet and engaging in physical activity. There are a number of ways to prevent childhood obesity. According to an article on Disease Prevention Programs Targeting Obesity in Children, a majority of programs developed and tested to treat childhood obesity have included dietary modification, increased physical activity, and/or reduced sedentary behavior (Adrienne R. Hughes, 2008).With the growing popularity of video games and number of television channels, more children are engaging in sedentary behavior. However, reducing sedentary activities among children can help prevent obesity. In fact, Hughes states; â€Å" Encouraging obese children to increase their physical activity will help to red uce adiposity and improve cardiovascular, metabolic, and psychosocial health (Adrienne R. Hughes, 2008). The amount of time spent being physically active is also important in preventing child obesity.In fact, in an article on Tackling Overweight and Obesity in Children it states; â€Å"Children should take part in at least one hour of moderately intense activity per day; this should make breathing heavier than usual, but talking should still be possible† (Crocker, 2007). It is important to gradually increase physical activity in order to avoid injury or over exertion. Further, as a school, a community and as parents it is important to set good examples for children. Through proper physical activity and diet the prevalence of child obesity can be diminished.